Foreword: what is a bioplastic?
Firstly, let’s talk definition. A bioplastic refers to both the origin of the resources used to manufacture it and the way in which it breaks down. In other words, the source and the end of its life. Depending on this cycle and its composition, it may contain elements of biomass and/or be completely degraded by microorganisms.
When biosourced and biodegradable can be combined (or not)
The term bioplastic refers to its origin. It can be partially or totally manufactured from renewable raw materials. The primary advantage of this biomaterial is that it reduces the use of fossil resources and in turn the carbon footprint associated with its production.
Biodegradability concerns certain bioplastics, designed to break down under the action of microorganisms in specific conditions such as composting or under certain natural conditions (water, temperature, oxygen, humidity, etc.).
Biosourced but non-biodegradable polymers
This category includes Bio-PE (biosourced polyethylene) and Bio-PET (biosourced polyethylene terephthalate). These two types of bioplastic are made from renewable raw materials, but do not break down easily in the environment. They retain the same properties as conventional plastics and are – often – recyclable, but not compostable.
Biosourced and biodegradable plastics
Here we’re talking about PLA (polylactic acid) and PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoates). Both are made from renewable resources (bacteria) and are designed to biodegrade. PHA biodegrades naturally, while PLA biodegrades via industrial composting.
Non-biosourced but biodegradable polymers
In this last category, PBAT (polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and PCL (polycaprolactone) are worth mentioning. Derived from fossil resources but designed to be biodegradable, these types of bioplastic break down under specific conditions.
Summary of the different types of bioplastic
| Type of bioplastic | Biobased | Biodegradable | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biosourced bioplastics | yes | no | Bio-PE, Bio-PET |
| Biosourced and biodegradable bioplastics | yes | yes | PLA, PHA |
| Partially biosourced and biodegradable bioplastics | yes (partial) | yes | PBS |
| Non-biosourced biodegradable plastics | no | yes | PBAT, PCL |
Types of bioplastic: what are the industrial applications?
Natural polymers can be transformed into a wide range of everyday and professional items for all industrial sectors.
- Food: bioplastics are increasingly used for organic packaging, particularly disposable tableware, films and bags.
- Agriculture: bioplastics are used to create mulch film, seed pots and compost bags.
- Automotive and electronics: to manufacture components, interior parts, exterior components and even certain engine parts.
- Clothing and entertainment: bioplastics are popular for recycled textile fibres and safe toys.
- Medical and cosmetics: with their non-toxic composition, some bioplastics can be used for medical/paramedical
Advantages and limitations of bioplastics
The promise of bioplastics
Made from renewable resources, bioplastics limit our dependence on fossil fuels. As well as encouraging the conservation of fossil fuels, the pollution caused by their manufacture is reduced. With their biodegradation potential, they also help to reduce the amount of plastic waste produced by today’s industry. Bioplastics are synonymous with innovation, but also with going backwards: let’s use natural materials and leave no trace behind.
Bioplastics: points to watch out for
Bioplastics represent an innovative and promising solution for reducing the environmental impact of traditional plastics. They represent a step towards a circular and sustainable economy, but require careful management to realise their full ecological potential. Their effectiveness also depends on a number of factors, including
- the origin of raw materials and their availability, which can lead to crop imbalance
- the production of certain biobased raw materials can compete with food and feed crops
- waste management infrastructures for recycling or composting, for example in France, which are not always available on a large scale
- not all bioplastics are biodegradable, and even those that are often require specific conditions (such as industrial composting)
Why choose PHA biopolymer rather than any other?
PHA is renowned for its unique properties. PHA is the only polyester that deteriorates naturally in any environment. Whether in the ocean, freshwater, soil or artificial environments, it can be composted. Unlike other types of bioplastic – with limited degradation capacity – PHA is completely biodegradable. Without harming the environment, it is the ideal solution for industries looking to replace conventional plastics.
At PHA Sourcing, our aim is to provide industries with PHA materials that are both scalable and biodegradable. The aim is to reduce waste and promote sustainability, while focusing on innovation and large-scale production. Without reducing performance, our company is able to support you in your ecological transition over the long term.
